Fact Sheet

­Raw Milk Regulation

Fact SheetFood Safety and Security

June 5, 2025
by Kathleen Hoke

Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), has indicated that he may lift the FDA’s ban on the interstate sale of raw milk and introduce voluntary raw milk standards for states to adopt. To prepare for these potential federal regulatory changes, states should be aware of their authority to regulate the intrastate sale of raw milk and consider implementing regulations that further minimize consumer risk. This Fact Sheet provides a background on raw milk and potential federal regulatory changes, along with strategies for states to prepare for this change.

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­School Entry Vaccines

Fact SheetHealth in SchoolMaternal and Child Health

June 2, 2025
by Kathleen Hoke

School-entry vaccination requirements have proven to be one of the most effective public health tools for reducing childhood illness, preventing premature deaths, and controlling the spread of infectious diseases across populations. While recent shifts in federal leadership raise concerns about the future of national immunization efforts, the authority and responsibility to maintain vaccine mandates largely rest with state and local governments. This Fact Sheet outlines how states are well-positioned to uphold and adapt their vaccination policies to protect public health, regardless of federal changes.

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­Federal Regulation of Fluoride in Drinking Water

Fact SheetMaternal and Child HealthOral HealthMechanisms for Advancing Health EquityMechanisms for Advancing Public Health

June 2, 2025
by Kathleen Hoke

Despite the recognized health benefits and minimal risk of fluoridation, Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., the recently confirmed Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), has announced that “the Trump White House will advise all U.S. water systems to remove fluoride from public water." Removing drinking water fluoridation risks diminishing oral health overall and exacerbating existing oral health disparities. Children from low-income households are much more likely to have untreated cavities than children from higher income households. This Fact Sheet will discuss the federal government’s power to regulate fluoride in drinking water. It will also discuss the role of state and local government in this space

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­New Administration Breaks Silence on HIPAA Final Reproductive Rule

Fact SheetReproductive Health and Equity Health Information and Data Sharing

May 15, 2025
by Emma Kaeser and Stephen Murphy

Proponents of the December 23, 2004 Health Care Privacy (Rule) say it is vital to ensuring confidentiality of communications between patients and health care providers. Nevertheless, litigation aiming to invalidate the new Rule continues. This factsheet provides an overview of four lawsuits against the Rule and what might be gleaned from these cases about the new administration’s position on HIPAA’s protections for reproductive health care.

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Legal Frameworks to Improve Health Equity Through Community Information Exchanges

Fact SheetHealth Information and Data SharingMechanisms for Advancing Health EquityMechanisms for Advancing Public Health

April 14, 2025
by Emma Kaeser, Meghan Mead and Stephen Murphy

A Community Information Exchanges (CIE™) is a community governed network of health and social service providers that can facilitate data sharing among healthcare, social services, and community-based organizations to facilitate more holistic and coordinated care, and advance public health. This resource examines common features of legal frameworks developed to facilitate the flow of information in CIEs around the country.

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­Delaware Public Health Authority

Fact SheetPublic Health AuthorityLegislation and Legal ChallengesDelaware

March 27, 2025
by Brooke Torton

This resource provides an explanation of the source and breadth of public health authority granted to the Deputy Health Officers and local Boards of Health in Delaware. It also provides information that can help inform and educate state and local decisionmakers on the meaning of public health authority and the complexities that exist, including the extensive limitations that restrict existing public health authority.

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­Immigration Executive Actions and Public Health

Fact SheetPublic Health AuthorityLegislation and Legal Challenges

March 3, 2025
by Emma Kaeser and Quang H. Dang

This resource provides an overview of several of the Trump Administration’s immigration-related executive actions and identifies legal challenges. It then highlights how these and other anti-immigrant efforts harm the public’s health and deepen health inequities. Finally, it provides answers to frequent questions on implications for health departments, community-based organizations, and others navigating the changing landscape.

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­Legal Considerations for Harnessing the Power of Artificial Intelligence in School Health

Fact SheetHealth in SchoolHealth Information and Data Sharing

February 26, 2025
by Kerri McGowan Lowrey

This resource explores current applications of AI in school health and highlights potential benefits as well as some of the barriers that may arise during implementation. It also briefly describes the regulatory framework of AI technologies, including the FDA’s oversight of medical AI, federal recommendations, and state regulations, and concludes with recommendations for promoting responsible and ethical use of AI in school nursing.

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­Understanding and Implementing Updates to 42 CFR Part 2, Confidentiality of Substance Use Disorder Patient Records

Fact SheetHealth Information and Data SharingSubstance Use Prevention and Harm Reduction

February 19, 2025
by Meghan Mead

On February 8, 2024, the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services released a final rule modifying the Confidentiality of Substance Use Disorder Patient Records regulations at 42 CFR Part 2. The updates are significant and will affect the operations of every Part 2 program and provider. This resource provides practitioners and public health officials with a deeper understanding of the updates to Part 2.

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­How Data and Data Modernization Are Essential to Reducing Health Disparities Rooted in Racism

Fact SheetHealth Information and Data SharingMechanisms for Advancing Health EquityMechanisms for Advancing Public Health

January 30, 2025
by Stephen Murphy

Data modernization initiatives hold the key, not just to better data infrastructure, but to identifying and reducing health disparities. This fact sheet highlights health disparities rooted in racism and explores how public health data modernization is crucial to reducing them. 

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Mortgage and Homeownership Assistance

Fact SheetHealthy and Affordable HousingMechanisms for Advancing Health Equity

November 30, 2024
by Kathleen Hoke

Research indicates that policies designed to facilitate home ownership may do more to improve health and wellbeing, as well as economic stability, than renter protections. Home ownership rates in the U.S. remain low, especially among Black and Hispanic residents. One of the significant barriers is the need for most first-time homebuyers to obtain mortgages, which require that they have decent credit scores, steady incomes, and cash reserves to qualify. Federal and state mortgage lenders and/or assistance programs can remove some of these barriers to homeownership. This fact sheet discusses state and federal mortgage and homeownership assistance programs.

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Community Land Trusts

Fact SheetHealthy and Affordable HousingMechanisms for Advancing Health Equity

November 30, 2024
by Brianne Schell and Kathleen Hoke

Safe, stable housing can contribute to improvements in mental and physical health, civic engagement, social skills, educational and professional achievement, and can decrease use of emergency services. When housing is affordable, it can prevent stunted growth in children and decrease hospitalizations. Unfortunately, safe and stable housing via ownership is not attainable for everyone. The number of people in the U.S. experiencing homelessness has been increasing steadily for the past several years. A system of “shared ownership” called a community land trust especially in areas facing rapid economic change and appreciating land values. This fact sheet offers a comparison of Community Land Trusts and traditional homeownership.

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